Personal communications such as emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations, online chats or direct messages, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures do not provide recoverable data and are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in the text as follows:
J. Redcliffe (personal communication, July 16, 2024)
OR
(J. Redcliffe, personal communication, July 16, 2024)
Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available. For example, if you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the academic based the lecture.
J. Redcliffe (personal communication, July 16, 2024)...
OR
...(J. Redcliffe, personal communication, July 16, 2024)
Personal communications are not included in the reference list.